Most people should know that there are four forms of covert surveillance, and understanding these forms is essential for recognising privacy concerns in various situations. These are:-

Directed Surveillance – monitoring movements in public spaces.

Directed surveillance involves observing a person’s activities in public spaces without their knowledge. This may include discreetly following the individual from a distance or carefully monitoring their interactions with others, all while remaining unobtrusive. The purpose is to collect information about the individual’s behaviour and social connections without drawing their attention.

Intrusive Surveillance – monitoring inside a private residence or vehicle.

Intrusive surveillance—encompassing covert monitoring within the sanctity of private homes or vehicles—is tightly regulated and overseen. Such practices demand strict authorisation under the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (RIPA), ensuring that the balance between security and individual privacy is meticulously maintained.

Electronic Surveillance – using hidden cameras or listening devices.

Electronic Surveillance – This involves the use of hidden cameras or listening devices. It’s important to note that we do not have the authority to approve ‘intrusive covert surveillance.’ Specifically, we cannot advise you to place hidden cameras or recording equipment in someone’s bedroom. This restriction arises from legal regulations that govern when public bodies are permitted to use or authorise surveillance.

Covert Human Intelligence Sources – employing undercover informants.

Covert Human Intelligence Sources (CHIS) use undercover informants to gather intelligence. These sources, also known as agents or informants, are individuals who discreetly provide information to public authorities. This often involves undercover operations and may include participating in criminal activities, all of which are authorised under the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000.